SECTION // 07 — SOURCE INDEX
BPC-157 TB-500 References and Regulatory Sources
Every quantitative claim across this BPC-157 TB-500 safety brief resolves to an entry below. Peer-reviewed studies and reviews carry DOIs and PubMed links; regulatory facts cite FDA pages.
How to read this list
This is the full reference list for the BPC-157 TB-500 safety brief. Entries 1 through 10 are the peer-reviewed studies and recent reviews behind the mechanism, efficacy, and safety pages — including the Thymosin Beta-4 tumor/angiogenesis signal (entry 5) and the mdx null functional result (entry 6). Entry 11 anchors the dose-context, half-life, route, WADA, and human-data summaries. Entries 12 through 15 are the FDA regulatory sources behind the legal-status page.
The two constituents carry their own identifiers, logged here for the record: BPC-157 (GEPPPGKPADDAGLV, C62H98N16O22, MW ~1419.5 Da, CAS 137525-51-0, PubChem CID 108101) and TB-500 (Ac-LKKTETQ, C38H68N10O14, MW ~889.0 Da; parent protein Thymosin Beta-4, UniProt P62328). The blend has no identifier of its own — it is a pairing of two specimens, not a single substance.
- Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21(6):976-983. ↗
- Hsieh MJ, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95:323-333. ↗
- Irobi E, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. ↗
- Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. ↗
- Cha HJ, Jeong MJ, Kleinman HK. Role of thymosin beta4 in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95(22):1674-1680. ↗
- Spurney CF, et al. Evaluation of skeletal and cardiac muscle function after chronic administration of thymosin beta-4 in the dystrophin deficient mouse. PLoS One. 2010;5(1):e8976. ↗
- Esposito S, et al. Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential. Drug Test Anal. 2012;4(9):733-738. ↗
- Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review. HSS J. 2025. ↗
- Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. ↗
- Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025. ↗
- Compiled dosage, pharmacokinetic, route, WADA, and human-data context for BPC-157 and TB-500 / thymosin beta-4 from the audited Wolverine compound corpus (research summaries of rodent dose-response, rat/dog PK, and Phase 1 full-length thymosin beta-4 studies). Research context only; not human dosing guidance. ↗
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks. (Category 2 entries for BPC-157 and 'Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500'; effective with the September 29, 2023 update to the nominated-substances list.) ↗
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act. (Definitions of Category 1 and Category 2, the 503A/503B framework, and the bulks-list nomination process.) ↗
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Interim Policy on Compounding Using Bulk Drug Substances Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (guidance landing page; finalized January 2025). ↗
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee. (Public calendar listing BPC-157 and TB-500 among bulk drug substances 'being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List'; a scheduled discussion, not a decision.) ↗